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CSS 

CSS = Cascading Style Sheets Greatly simplifies styling HTML Easy to keep consistent styling Instructions are written as a rule-set

A brief history of CSS

  CSS was first proposed by HåkonWium Lie on October 10, 1994, and W3C CSS Recommendation (CSS1) was released in 1996.  CSS level 2 specification was developed by the W3C and published as a recommendation in May 1998.  CSS2.1 as finally published as a W3C Recommendation on 7 June 2011

 CSS 3 is divided into several separate documents called "modules" and its notes are posted on W3C:  css3-background CSS Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 3 Candidate Rec. Oct 2017  css3-box CSS basic box model Working Draft Jul 2018 There is no single, integrated CSS 4 specification  The CSS Working Group sometimes publishes "Snapshots", a collection of whole modules and parts of other drafts that are considered stable enough to be implemented by browser developers in 2007, 2010, 2015, 2017,and 2018  css-cascade-3 CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 3 Candidate Rec. May 2016  css3-color CSS Color Module Level 3 Recommendation Jun 2018  css3-content CSS3 Generated and Replaced Content Module Working Draft Jun 2016  css-fonts-3 CSS Fonts Module Level 3 Recommendation Sep 2018  css3-gcpm CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module Working Draft May 2014  css3-layout CSS Template Layout Module Note Mar 2015  css3-mediaqueries Media Queries Recommendation Jun 2012  mediaqueries-4 Media Queries Level 4 Candidate Rec. Sep 2017  css3-multicol Multi-column Layout Module Level 1 Working Draft May 2018  css3-page CSS Paged Media Module Level 3 Working Draft Mar 2013  selectors-3 Selectors Level 3 Recommendation Nov 2018  selectors-4 Selectors Level 4 Working Draft Feb 2018  css3-ui CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 3 (CSS3 UI) Recommendation Jun 2018 

CSS – Placement of CSS Information

 CSS style information can be put in one of three places: External sheet Can be used for an entire website Each .html file must reference same sheet Internal sheet Can be used to consistently style 1 html page Inline

CSS – Cascading Order

  With a mix of internal, external, and inline style information, the styles will be applied by building a ‘virtual’ style sheet considering each style specification in the following priority order: Inline style (inside an HTML element) External and internal style sheets (in the head section using order of links/style sections in the head) More specific selectors are selected  For example, if we have a style for

and a style for id1, then the style of

will be the style of id1

CSS – Style Attributes

 Colors Backgrounds Borders Margins Padding Height/Width

CSS - Colors

  Colors can be specified as:  A color name like ‘red’, ‘lightblue’, etc  HTML supports 140 standard color names  A hex value : #ff0000, #000066, etc.  Rgb values  2 hex ‘nibbles’ per color giving ranges of 0-255 for each  An RGB value like: rgb(255,0,0)  Same as hex values but with decimal numbers  Example:  h1 {color:green;}  p {color: red;} 

CSS – Background Images

  Attribute: background-image  Value is usually a URL of a graphic file  Example:  body {background-image: URL(“mountain.jpg”)}  Images can be positioned within an element  Attribute: background-position:  Value: (horizontal and vertical positioning (left, center, right, bottom, center, top))  Example: body {background-image: URL(“mountain.jpg”); background-position: right top}